Pollock, Jackson
Timeline: Abstract Expressionism
On the floor I am more at ease, I feel nearer, more a part of the painting,
since this way I can walk around in it, work from the four sides and be
literally `in' the painting.
-- Jackson Pollock, 1947.
Pollock, Jackson (1912-56). American painter, the commanding figure of the Abstract Expressionist movement.
He began to study painting in 1929 at the Art Students' League, New York, under the Regionalist painter Thomas Hart Benton. During the 1930s he worked in the manner of the Regionalists, being influenced also by the Mexican muralist painters (Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros) and by certain aspects of Surrealism. From 1938 to 1942 he worked for the Federal Art Project. By the mid 1940s he was painting in a completely abstract manner, and the `drip and splash' style for which he is best known emerged with some abruptness in 1947. Instead of using the traditional easel he affixed his canvas to the floor or the wall and poured and dripped his paint from a can; instead of using brushes he manipulated it with `sticks, trowels or knives' (to use his own words), sometimes obtaining a heavy impasto by an admixture of `sand, broken glass or other foreign matter'. This manner of Action painting had in common with Surrealist theories of automatism that it was supposed by artists and critics alike to result in a direct expression or revelation of the unconscious moods of the artist.
Pollock's name is also associated with the introduction of the All-over style of painting which avoids any points of emphasis or identifiable parts within the whole canvas and therefore abandons the traditional idea of composition in terms of relations among parts. The design of his painting had no relation to the shape or size of the canvas -- indeed in the finished work the canvas was sometimes docked or trimmed to suit the image. All these characteristics were important for the new American painting which matured in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
Male and Female
1942 (240 Kb); Oil on canvas, 73 1/4 x 49 in;
Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Moon-Woman
1942 (170 Kb); Oil on canvas, 69 x 43 in;
Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice
Stenographic Figure
1942 (180 Kb); Oil on canvas, 40 x 56 in;
The Museum of Modern Art, New York
Blue (Moby Dick)
c. 1943 (150 Kb); Gouache and ink on composition board, 18 3/4 x 23 7/8 in;
Ohara Museum of Art, Kurashiki
The She-Wolf
1943 (230 Kb); Oil, gouache, and plaster on canvas, 41 7/8 x 67 in;
The Museum of Modern Art, New York
Eyes in the Heat
1946 (320 Kb); Oil on canvas, 54 x 43 in;
Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice
The Key
1946 (270 Kb); Oil on canvas, 59 x 84 in;
The Art Institute of Chicago
The Tea Cup
1946 (230 Kb); Oil on canvas, 40 x 28 in;
Collection Frieder Burda, Baden-Baden
Shimmering Substance
1946 (280 Kb); Oil on canvas, 30 1/8 x 24 1/4 in;
The Museum of Modern Art, New York
Number 8, 1949 (detail)
1949 (280 Kb);
Oil, enamel, and aluminum paint on canvas;
Neuberger Museum, State University of New York
Easter and the Totem
1953 (150 Kb); Oil on canvas, 84 1/4 x 58 in;
The Museum of Modern Art, New York
During the 1950s Pollock continued to produce figurative or quasi-figurative black and white works and delicately modulated paintings in rich impasto as well as the paintings in the new all-over style. He was strongly supported by advanced critics, but was also subject to much abuse and sarcasm as the leader of a still little comprehended style; in 1956 Time magazine called him `Jack the Dripper'.
By the 1960s, however, he was generally recognized as the most important figure in the most important movement of this century in American painting, but a movement from which artists were already in reaction (Post-Painterly Abstraction). His unhappy personal life (he was an alcoholic) and his premature death in a car crash contributed to his legendary status. In 1944 Pollock married Lee Krasner (1911-84), who was an Abstract Expressionist painter of some distinction, although it was only after her husband's death that she received serious critical recognition.
It was Jackson Pollock who blazed an astonishing trail for other Abstract Expressionist painters to follow. De Kooning said, ``He broke the ice'', an enigmatic phrase suggesting that Pollock showed what art could become with his 1947 drip paintings.
It has been suggested that Pollock was influenced by Native American sand paintings, made by trickling thin lines of colored sand onto a horizontal surface. It was not until 1947 that Pollock began his ``action'' paintings, influenced by Surrealist ideas of ``psychic automatism'' (direct expression of the unconscious). Pollock would fix his canvas to the floor and drip paint from a can using a variety of objects to manipulate the paint.
The Moon-Woman Cuts the Circle (1943; 109.5 x 104 cm (43 x 41 in)) is an early Pollock, but it shows the passionate intensity with which he pursued his personal vision. This painting is based on a North American Indian myth. It connects the moon with the feminine and shows the creative, slashing power of the female psyche. It is not easy to say what we are actually looking at: a face rises before us, vibrant with power, though perhaps the image does not benefit from labored explanations. If we can respond to this art at a fairly primitive level, then we can also respond to a great abstract work such as Lavender Mist. If we cannot, at least we can appreciate the fusion of colors and the Expressionist feeling of urgency that is communicated. Moon-Woman may be a feathered harridan or a great abstract pattern; the point is that it works on both levels.
Full Fathom Five