Reliable Multicast Transport (RMT) Luby Working Group Watson Internet-Draft Vicisano Obsoletes: 3450 (if approved) Digital Fountain Intended status: Standards Track February 22, 2007 Expires: August 26, 2007 Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) Protocol Instantiation draft-ietf-rmt-pi-alc-revised-04 Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on August 26, 2007. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007). Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 1] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 Abstract This document describes the Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) protocol, a massively scalable reliable content delivery protocol. Asynchronous Layered Coding combines the Layered Coding Transport (LCT) building block, a multiple rate congestion control building block and the Forward Error Correction (FEC) building block to provide congestion controlled reliable asynchronous delivery of content to an unlimited number of concurrent receivers from a single sender. This document obsoletes RFC3450. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Delivery service models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3. Environmental Requirements and Considerations . . . . . . 5 2. Architecture Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1. LCT building block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2. Multiple rate congestion control building block . . . . . 9 2.3. FEC building block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.4. Session Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5. Packet authentication building block . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3. Conformance Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4. Functionality Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.1. Packet format used by ALC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2. LCT Header-Extension Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.3. Sender Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.4. Receiver Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 8. Changes from RFC3450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 9.1. Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 9.2. Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 28 Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 2] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 1. Introduction This document describes a massively scalable reliable content delivery protocol, Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC), for multiple rate congestion controlled reliable content delivery. The protocol is specifically designed to provide massive scalability using IP multicast as the underlying network service. Massive scalability in this context means the number of concurrent receivers for an object is potentially in the millions, the aggregate size of objects to be delivered in a session ranges from hundreds of kilobytes to hundreds of gigabytes, each receiver can initiate reception of an object asynchronously, the reception rate of each receiver in the session is the maximum fair bandwidth available between that receiver and the sender, and all of this can be supported using a single sender. Because ALC is focused on reliable content delivery, the goal is to deliver objects as quickly as possible to each receiver while at the same time remaining network friendly to competing traffic. Thus, the congestion control used in conjunction with ALC should strive to maximize use of available bandwidth between receivers and the sender while at the same time backing off aggressively in the face of competing traffic. The sender side of ALC consists of generating packets based on objects to be delivered within the session and sending the appropriately formatted packets at the appropriate rates to the channels associated with the session. The receiver side of ALC consists of joining appropriate channels associated with the session, performing congestion control by adjusting the set of joined channels associated with the session in response to detected congestion, and using the packets to reliably reconstruct objects. All information flow in an ALC session is in the form of data packets sent by a single sender to channels that receivers join to receive data. ALC does specify the Session Description needed by receivers before they join a session, but the mechanisms by which receivers obtain this required information is outside the scope of ALC. An application that uses ALC may require that receivers report statistics on their reception experience back to the sender, but the mechanisms by which receivers report back statistics is outside the scope of ALC. In general, ALC is designed to be a minimal protocol instantiation that provides reliable content delivery without unnecessary limitations to the scalability of the basic protocol. This document is a product of the IETF RMT WG and follows the general guidelines provided in [RFC3269]. RFC3450 [RFC3450], which is obsoleted by this document, contained a Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 3] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 previous versions of the protocol. RFC3450 was published in the "Experimental" category. It was the stated intent of the RMT working group to re-submit these specifications as an IETF Proposed Standard in due course. This Proposed Standard specification is thus based on and backwards compatible with the protocol defined in RFC3450 [RFC3450] updated according to accumulated experience and growing protocol maturity since its original publication. Said experience applies both to this specification itself and to congestion control strategies related to the use of this specification. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, [RFC2119]. 1.1. Delivery service models ALC can support several different reliable content delivery service models as described in [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised]. 1.2. Scalability Massive scalability is a primary design goal for ALC. IP multicast is inherently massively scalable, but the best effort service that it provides does not provide session management functionality, congestion control or reliability. ALC provides all of this on top of IP multicast without sacrificing any of the inherent scalability of IP multicast. ALC has the following properties: o To each receiver, it appears as if though there is a dedicated session from the sender to the receiver, where the reception rate adjusts to congestion along the path from sender to receiver. o To the sender, there is no difference in load or outgoing rate if one receiver is joined to the session or a million (or any number of) receivers are joined to the session, independent of when the receivers join and leave. o No feedback packets are required from receivers to the sender. o Almost all packets in the session that pass through a bottleneck link are utilized by downstream receivers, and the session shares the link with competing flows fairly in proportion to their utility. Thus, ALC provides a massively scalable content delivery transport that is network friendly. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 4] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 ALC intentionally omits any application specific features that could potentially limit its scalability. By doing so, ALC provides a minimal protocol that is massively scalable. Applications may be built on top of ALC to provide additional features that may limit the scalability of the application. Such applications are outside the scope of this document. 1.3. Environmental Requirements and Considerations All of the environmental requirements and considerations that apply to the LCT building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised], the FEC building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised], the multiple rate congestion control building block and to any additional building blocks that ALC uses also apply to ALC. One issues that is specific to ALC with respect to the Any- Source Multicast (ASM) model of IP multicast as defined in RFC 1112 [RFC1112] is the way the multiple rate congestion control building block interacts with ASM. The congestion control building block may use the measured difference in time between when a join to a channel is sent and when the first packet from the channel arrives in determining the receiver reception rate. The congestion control building block may also uses packet sequence numbers per channel to measure losses, and this is also used to determine the receiver reception rate. These features raise two concerns with respect to ASM: The time difference between when the join to a channel is sent and when the first packet arrives can be significant due to the use of Rendezvous Points (RPs) and the MSDP protocol, and packets can be lost in the switch over from the (*,G) join to the RP and the (S,G) join directly to the sender. Both of these issues could potentially substantially degrade the reception rate of receivers. To ameliorate these concerns, it is RECOMMENDED that the RP be as close to the sender as possible. SSM does not share these same concerns. For a fuller consideration of these issues, consult the multiple rate congestion control building block. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 5] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 2. Architecture Definition ALC uses the LCT building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised] to provide in-band session management functionality. ALC uses a multiple rate congestion control building block that is compliant with [RFC2357] to provide congestion control that is feedback free. Receivers adjust their reception rates individually by joining and leaving channels associated with the session. ALC uses the FEC building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised] to provide reliability. The sender generates encoding symbols based on the object to be delivered using FEC codes and sends them in packets to channels associated with the session. Receivers simply wait for enough packets to arrive in order to reliably reconstruct the object. Thus, there is no request for retransmission of individual packets from receivers that miss packets in order to assure reliable reception of an object, and the packets and their rate of transmission out of the sender can be independent of the number and the individual reception experiences of the receivers. The definition of a session for ALC is the same as it is for LCT. An ALC session comprises multiple channels originating at a single sender that are used for some period of time to carry packets pertaining to the transmission of one or more objects that can be of interest to receivers. Congestion control is performed over the aggregate of packets sent to channels belonging to a session. The fact that an ALC session is restricted to a single sender does not preclude the possibility of receiving packets for the same objects from multiple senders. However, each sender would be sending packets to a a different session to which congestion control is individually applied. Although receiving concurrently from multiple sessions is allowed, how this is done at the application level is outside the scope of this document. ALC is a protocol instantiation as defined in [RFC3048]. This document describes version 1 of ALC which MUST use version 1 of LCT described in [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised]. Like LCT, ALC is designed to be used with the IP multicast network service. This specification defines ALC as payload of the UDP transport protocol [RFC0768] that supports IP multicast delivery of packets. Future versions of this specification, or companion documents may extend ALC to use the IP network layer service directly. ALC could be used as the basis for designing a protocol that uses a different underlying network service such as unicast UDP, but the design of such a protocol is outside the scope of this document. An ALC packet header immediately follows the UDP header and consists of the default LCT header that is described in [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised] followed by the FEC Payload ID that is Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 6] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 described in [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised]. The Congestion Control Information field within the LCT header carries the required Congestion Control Information that is described in the multiple rate congestion control building block specified that is compliant with [RFC2357]. The packet payload that follows the ALC packet header consists of encoding symbols that are identified by the FEC Payload ID as described in [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised]. Each receiver is required to obtain a Session Description before joining an ALC session. As described later, the Session Description includes out-of-band information required for the LCT, FEC and the multiple rate congestion control building blocks. The FEC Object Transmission Information specified in the FEC building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised] required for each object to be received by a receiver can be communicated to a receiver either out-of-band or in-band using a Header Extension. The means for communicating the Session Description and the FEC Object Transmission Information to a receiver is outside the scope of this document. 2.1. LCT building block LCT requires receivers to be able to uniquely identify and demultiplex packets associated with an LCT session, and ALC inherits and strengthens this requirement. A Transport Session Identifier (TSI) MUST be associated with each session and MUST be carried in the LCT header of each ALC packet. The TSI is scoped by the sender IP address, and the (sender IP address, TSI) pair MUST uniquely identify the session. The LCT header contains a Congestion Control Information (CCI) field that MUST be used to carry the Congestion Control Information from the specified multiple rate congestion control protocol. There is a field in the LCT header that specifies the length of the CCI field, and the multiple rate congestion control building block MUST uniquely identify a format of the CCI field that corresponds to this length. The LCT header contains a Codepoint field that MAY be used to communicate to a receiver the settings for information that may vary during a session. If used, the mapping between settings and Codepoint values is to be communicated in the Session Description, and this mapping is outside the scope of this document. For example, the FEC Encoding ID that is part of the FEC Object Transmission Information as specified in the FEC building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised] could vary for each object carried in the session, and the Codepoint value could be used to communicate the FEC Encoding ID to be used for each object. The mapping between FEC Encoding IDs and Codepoints could be, for example, the identity mapping. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 7] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 If more than one object is to be carried within a session then the Transmission Object Identifier (TOI) MUST be used in the LCT header to identify which packets are to be associated with which objects. In this case the receiver MUST use the TOI to associate received packets with objects. The TOI is scoped by the IP address of the sender and the TSI, i.e., the TOI is scoped by the session. The TOI for each object is REQUIRED to be unique within a session, but MAY NOT be unique across sessions. Furthermore, the same object MAY have a different TOI in different sessions. The mapping between TOIs and objects carried in a session is outside the scope of this document. If only one object is carried within a session then the TOI MAY be omitted from the LCT header. The LCT header from version 1 of the LCT building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised] MUST be used. The LCT Header includes a two-bit Protocol Specific Indication (PSI) field in bits 6 and 7 of the first word of the LCT header. These two bits are used by ALC as follows: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+ ...|A|B|... +-+-+ Figure 1: PSI bits within LCT Headder PSI bit A - Source Packet Indicator (SPI) PSI bit B - Reserved The Source Packet Indicator is used with systematic FEC Schemes which define a different FEC Payload ID format for packets containing only source data compared to the FEC Payload ID format for packets containing repair data. For such FEC Schemes, then the SPI MUST be set to 1 when the FEC Payload ID format for packets containing only source data is used and the SPI MUST be set to zero, when the FEC Payload ID for packerts containing repair data is used. In the case of FEC Schemes which define only a single FEC Payload ID format, then the SPI MUST be set to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver. Support of two FEC Payload ID formats allows FEC Payload ID information which is only of relevance when FEC decoding is to be performed to be provided in the FEC Payload ID format for packets containing repair data. This information need not be processed by Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 8] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 receivers which do not perform FEC decoding (either because no FEC decoding is required or because the receiver does not support FEC decoding). 2.2. Multiple rate congestion control building block Implementors of ALC MUST implement a multiple rate feedback-free congestion control building block that is in accordance to [RFC2357]. Congestion control MUST be applied to all packets within a session independently of which information about which object is carried in each packet. Multiple rate congestion control is specified because of its suitability to scale massively and because of its suitability for reliable content delivery. The multiple rate congestion control building block MUST specify in-band Congestion Control Information (CCI) that MUST be carried in the CCI field of the LCT header. The multiple rate congestion control building block MAY specify more than one format, but it MUST specify at most one format for each of the possible lengths 32, 64, 96 or 128 bits. The value of C in the LCT header that determines the length of the CCI field MUST correspond to one of the lengths for the CCI defined in the multiple rate congestion control building block, this length MUST be the same for all packets sent to a session, and the CCI format that corresponds to the length as specified in the multiple rate congestion control building block MUST be the format used for the CCI field in the LCT header. When using a multiple rate congestion control building block a sender sends packets in the session to several channels at potentially different rates. Then, individual receivers adjust their reception rate within a session by adjusting which set of channels they are joined to at each point in time depending on the available bandwidth between the receiver and the sender, but independent of other receivers. 2.3. FEC building block The FEC building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised] provides reliable object delivery within an ALC session. Each object sent in the session is independently encoded using FEC codes as described in [RFC3453], which provide a more in-depth description of the use of FEC codes in reliable content delivery protocols. All packets in an ALC session MUST contain an FEC Payload ID in a format that is compliant with the FEC Scheme in use. The FEC Payload ID uniquely identifies the encoding symbols that constitute the payload of each packet, and the receiver MUST use the FEC Payload ID to determine how the encoding symbols carried in the payload of the packet were generated from the object as described in the FEC building block. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 9] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 As described in [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised], a receiver is REQUIRED to obtain the FEC Object Transmission Information for each object for which data packets are received from the session. In the context of ALC, the FEC Object Transmission Information includes: o The FEC Encoding ID. o If an Under-Specified FEC Encoding ID is used then the FEC Instance ID associated with the FEC Encoding ID. o For each object in the session, the transfer length of the object in bytes. Additional FEC Object Transmission Information may be required depending on the FEC Scheme that is used (identified by the FEC Encoding ID). Some of the FEC Object Transmission Information MAY be implicit based on the FEC Scheme and/or implementation. As an example, source block lengths may be derived by a fixed algorithm from the object length. As another example, it may be that all source blocks are the same length and this is what is passed out-of-band to the receiver. As another example, it could be that the full sized source block length is provided and this is the length used for all but the last source block, which is calculated based on the full source block length and the object length. As another example, it could be that the same FEC Encoding ID and FEC Instance ID are always used for a particular application and thus the FEC Encoding ID and FEC Instance ID are implicitly defined. Sometimes the objects that will be sent in a session are completely known before the receiver joins the session, in which case the FEC Object Transmission Information for all objects in the session can be communicated to receivers before they join the session. At other times the objects may not know when the session begins, or receivers may join a session in progress and may not be interested in some objects for which transmission has finished, or receivers may leave a session before some objects are even available within the session. In these cases, the FEC Object Transmission Information for each object may be dynamically communicated to receivers at or before the time packets for the object are received from the session. This may be accomplished using either an out-of-band mechanism, in-band using the Codepoint field or a Header Extension, or any combination of these methods. How the FEC Object Transmission Information is communicated to receivers is outside the scope of this document. If packets for more than one object are transmitted within a session then a Transmission Object Identifier (TOI) that uniquely identifies Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 10] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 objects within a session MUST appear in each packet header. Portions of the FEC Object Transmission Information could be the same for all objects in the session, in which case these portions can be communicated to the receiver with an indication that this applies to all objects in the session. These portions may be implicitly determined based on the application, e.g., an application may use the same FEC Encoding ID for all objects in all sessions. If there is a portion of the FEC Object Transmission Information that may vary from object to object and if this FEC Object Transmission Information is communicated to a receiver out-of-band then the TOI for the object MUST also be communicated to the receiver together with the corresponding FEC Object Transmission Information, and the receiver MUST use the corresponding FEC Object Transmission Information for all packets received with that TOI. How the TOI and corresponding FEC Object Transmission Information is communicated out-of-band to receivers is outside the scope of this document. It is also possible that there is a portion of the FEC Object Transmission Information that may vary from object to object that is carried in-band, for example in the CodePoint field or in Header Extensions. How this is done is outside the scope of this document. In this case the FEC Object Transmission Information is associated with the object identified by the TOI carried in the packet. 2.4. Session Description The Session Description that a receiver is REQUIRED to obtain before joining an ALC session MUST contain the following information: o The multiple rate congestion control building block to be used for the session; o The sender IP address; o The number of channels in the session; o The address and port number used for each channel in the session; o The Transport Session ID (TSI) to be used for the session; o An indication of whether or not the session carries packets for more than one object; o If Header Extensions are to be used, the format of these Header Extensions. o Enough information to determine the packet authentication scheme being used, if it is being used. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 11] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 How the Session Description is communicated to receivers is outside the scope of this document. The Codepoint field within the LCT portion of the header CAN be used to communicate in-band some of the dynamically changing information within a session. To do this, a mapping between Codepoint values and the different dynamic settings MUST be included within the Session Description, and then settings to be used are communicated via the Codepoint value placed into each packet. For example, it is possible that multiple objects are delivered within the same session and that a different FEC encoding algorithm is used for different types of objects. Then the Session Description could contain the mapping between Codepoint values and FEC Encoding IDs. As another example, it is possible that a different packet authentication scheme is used for different packets sent to the session. In this case, the mapping between the packet authentication scheme and Codepoint values could be provided in the Session Description. Combinations of settings can be mapped to Codepoint values as well. For example, a particular combination of a FEC Encoding ID and a packet authentication scheme could be associated with a Codepoint value. The Session Description could also include, but is not limited to: o The mappings between combinations of settings and Codepoint values; o The data rates used for each channel; o The length of the packet payload; o Any information that is relevant to each object being transported, such as the Object Transmission Information for each object, when the object will be available within the session and for how long. The Session Description could be in a form such as SDP as defined in [RFC2327], or XML metadata as defined in [RFC3023], or HTTP/Mime headers as defined in [RFC2616], etc. It might be carried in a session announcement protocol such as SAP as defined in [RFC2974], obtained using a proprietary session control protocol, located on a web page with scheduling information, or conveyed via E-mail or other out-of-band methods. Discussion of Session Description formats and methods for communication of Session Descriptions to receivers is beyond the scope of this document. 2.5. Packet authentication building block It is RECOMMENDED that implementors of ALC use some packet authentication scheme to protect the protocol from attacks. An Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 12] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 example of a possibly suitable scheme is described in [PER2001]. Packet authentication in ALC, if used, is to be integrated through the Header Extension support for packet authentication provided in the LCT building block. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 13] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 3. Conformance Statement This Protocol Instantiation document, in conjunction with the LCT building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised], the FEC building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised] and with a multiple rate congestion control building block completely specifies a working reliable multicast transport protocol that conforms to the requirements described in [RFC2357]. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 14] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 4. Functionality Definition This section describes the format and functionality of the data packets carried in an ALC session as well as the sender and receiver operations for a session. 4.1. Packet format used by ALC The packet format used by ALC is the UDP header followed by the LCT header followed by the FEC Payload ID followed by the packet payload. The LCT header is defined in the LCT building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised] and the FEC Payload ID is described in the FEC building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised]. The Congestion Control Information field in the LCT header contains the REQUIRED Congestion Control Information that is described in the multiple rate congestion control building block used. The packet payload contains encoding symbols generated from an object. If more than one object is carried in the session then the Transmission Object ID (TOI) within the LCT header MUST be used to identify which object the encoding symbols are generated from. Within the scope of an object, encoding symbols carried in the payload of the packet are identified by the FEC Payload ID as described in the FEC building block. The version number of ALC specified in this document is 1. The version number field of the LCT header MUST be interpreted as the ALC version number field. This version of ALC implicitly makes use of version 1 of the LCT building block defined in [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised]. The overall ALC packet format is depicted in Figure 2. The packet is an IP packet, either IPv4 or IPv6, and the IP header precedes the UDP header. The ALC packet format has no dependencies on the IP version number. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 15] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | UDP header | | | +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+ | LCT header | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | FEC Payload ID | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Encoding Symbol(s) | | ... | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 2: Overall ALC packet format In some special cases an ALC sender may need to produce ALC packets that do not contain any payload. This may be required, for example, to signal the end of a session or to convey congestion control information. These data-less packets do not contain the FEC Payload ID either, but only the LCT header fields. The total datagram length, conveyed by outer protocol headers (e.g., the IP or UDP header), enables receivers to detect the absence of the ALC payload and FEC Payload ID. For ALC the length of the TSI field within the LCT header is REQUIRED to be non-zero. This implies that the sender MUST NOT set both the LCT flags S and H to zero. 4.2. LCT Header-Extension Fields All senders and receivers implementing ALC MUST support the EXT_NOP Header Extension and MUST recognize EXT_AUTH, but MAY NOT be able to parse its content. The EXT_NOP and EXT_AUTH LCT Header Extensions are defined in [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised] This specification defines a new LCT Header Extension, "EXT_FTI", for the purpose of communicating the FEC Object Transmission Information in association with data packets of an object. The LCT Header Extension Type for EXT_FTI is 64. The Header Extension Content (HEC) field of the EXT_FTI LCT Header Extension contains the encoded FEC Object Transmission Information as defined in [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised]. The format of the encoded FEC Object Transmission Information is dependent on the FEC Scheme in Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 16] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 use and so is outside the scope of this document. 4.3. Sender Operation The sender operation when using ALC includes all the points made about the sender operation when using the LCT building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised], the FEC building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised] and the multiple rate congestion control building block. A sender using ALC MUST make available the required Session Description as described in Section 2.4. A sender also MUST make available the required FEC Object Transmission Information as described in Section 2.3. Within a session a sender transmits a sequence of packets to the channels associated with the session. The ALC sender MUST obey the rules for filling in the CCI field in the packet headers and MUST send packets at the appropriate rates to the channels associated with the session as dictated by the multiple rate congestion control building block. The ALC sender MUST use the same TSI for all packets in the session. Several objects MAY be delivered within the same ALC session. If more than one object is to be delivered within a session then the sender MUST use the TOI field and each object MUST be identified by a unique TOI within the session, and the sender MUST use corresponding TOI for all packets pertaining to the same object. The FEC Payload ID MUST correspond to the encoding symbol(s) for the object carried in the payload of the packet. It is RECOMMENDED that packet authentication be used. If packet authentication is used then the Header Extensions described in Section 4.2 MUST be used to carry the authentication. 4.4. Receiver Operation The receiver operation when using ALC includes all the points made about the receiver operation when using the LCT building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised], the FEC building block [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised] and the multiple rate congestion control building block. To be able to participate in a session, a receiver MUST obtain the REQUIRED Session Description as listed in Section 2.4. How receivers obtain a Session Description is outside the scope of this document. To be able to be a receiver in a session, the receiver MUST be able Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 17] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 to process the ALC header. The receiver MUST be able to discard, forward, store or process the other headers and the packet payload. If a receiver is not able to process the ALC header, it MUST drop from the session. As described in Section 2.3, a receiver MUST obtain the required FEC Object Transmission Information for each object for which the receiver receives and processes packets. Upon receipt of each packet the receiver proceeds with the following steps in the order listed. 1. The receiver MUST parse the packet header and verify that it is a valid header. If it is not valid then the packet MUST be discarded without further processing. If multiple packets are received that cannot be parsed then the receiver SHOULD leave the session. 2. The receiver MUST verify that the sender IP address together with the TSI carried in the header matches one of the (sender IP address, TSI) pairs that was received in a Session Description and that the receiver is currently joined to. If there is not a match then the packet MUST be discarded without further processing. If multiple packets are received with non-matching (sender IP address, TSI) values then the receiver SHOULD leave the session. If the receiver is joined to multiple ALC sessions then the remainder of the steps are performed within the scope of the (sender IP address, TSI) session of the received packet. 3. The receiver MUST process and act on the CCI field in accordance with the multiple rate congestion control building block. 4. If more than one object is carried in the session, the receiver MUST verify that the TOI carried in the LCT header is valid. If the TOI is not valid, the packet MUST be discarded without further processing. 5. The receiver SHOULD process the remainder of the packet, including interpreting the other header fields appropriately, and using the FEC Payload ID and the encoding symbol(s) in the payload to reconstruct the corresponding object. It is RECOMMENDED that packet authentication be used. If packet authentication is used then it is RECOMMENDED that the receiver immediately check the authenticity of a packet before proceeding with step (3) above. If immediate checking is possible and if the packet fails the check then the receiver MUST discard the packet and reduce its reception rate to a minimum before continuing to regulate its Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 18] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 reception rate using the multiple rate congestion control. Some packet authentication schemes such as TESLA [PER2001] do not allow an immediate authenticity check. In this case the receiver SHOULD check the authenticity of a packet as soon as possible, and if the packet fails the check then it MUST be discarded before step (5) above and reduce its reception rate to a minimum before continuing to regulate its reception rate using the multiple rate congestion control. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 19] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 5. Security Considerations The same security consideration that apply to the LCT, FEC and the multiple rate congestion control building blocks also apply to ALC. Because of the use of FEC, ALC is especially vulnerable to denial- of-service attacks by attackers that try to send forged packets to the session which would prevent successful reconstruction or cause inaccurate reconstruction of large portions of the object by receivers. ALC is also particularly affected by such an attack because many receivers may receive the same forged packet. There are two ways to protect against such attacks, one at the application level and one at the packet level. It is RECOMMENDED that prevention be provided at both levels. At the application level, it is RECOMMENDED that an integrity check on the entire received object be done once the object is reconstructed to ensure it is the same as the sent object. Moreover, in order to obtain strong cryptographic integrity protection a digital signature verifiable by the receiver SHOULD be used to provide this application level integrity check. However, if even one corrupted or forged packet is used to reconstruct the object, it is likely that the received object will be reconstructed incorrectly. This will appropriately cause the integrity check to fail and in this case the inaccurately reconstructed object SHOULD be discarded. Thus, the acceptance of a single forged packet can be an effective denial of service attack for distributing objects, but an object integrity check at least prevents inadvertent use of inaccurately reconstructed objects. The specification of an application level integrity check of the received object is outside the scope of this document. At the packet level, it is RECOMMENDED that a packet level authentication be used to ensure that each received packet is an authentic and uncorrupted packet containing FEC data for the object arriving from the specified sender. Packet level authentication has the advantage that corrupt or forged packets can be discarded individually and the received authenticated packets can be used to accurately reconstruct the object. Thus, the effect of a denial of service attack that injects forged packets is proportional only to the number of forged packets, and not to the object size. Although there is currently no IETF standard that specifies how to do multicast packet level authentication, TESLA [PER2001] is a known multicast packet authentication scheme that would work. In addition to providing protection against reconstruction of inaccurate objects, packet level authentication can also provide some protection against denial of service attacks on the multiple rate Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 20] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 congestion control. Attackers can try to inject forged packets with incorrect congestion control information into the multicast stream, thereby potentially adversely affecting network elements and receivers downstream of the attack, and much less significantly the rest of the network and other receivers. Thus, it is also RECOMMENDED that packet level authentication be used to protect against such attacks. TESLA [PER2001] can also be used to some extent to limit the damage caused by such attacks. However, with TESLA a receiver can only determine if a packet is authentic several seconds after it is received, and thus an attack against the congestion control protocol can be effective for several seconds before the receiver can react to slow down the session reception rate. Reverse Path Forwarding checks SHOULD be enabled in all network routers and switches along the path from the sender to receivers to limit the possibility of a bad agent injecting forged packets into the multicast tree data path. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 21] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 6. IANA Considerations This specification registers the following LCT Header Extensions Types in namespace ietf:rmt:lct:headerExtensionTypes:variableLength: +-------+---------+--------------------+ | Value | Name | Reference | +-------+---------+--------------------+ | 64 | EXT_FTI | This specification | +-------+---------+--------------------+ Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 22] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 7. Acknowledgments This specification is substantially based on RFC3450 [RFC3450] and thus credit for the authorship of this document is primarily due to the authors of RFC3450: Mike Luby, Jim Gemmel, Lorenzo Vicisano, Luigi Rizzo and Jon Crowcroft. Vincent Roca, Justin Chapweske and Roger Kermode also contributed to RFC3450. Additional thanks are due to Vincent Roca and Rod Walsh for contributions to this update to Proposed Standard. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 23] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 8. Changes from RFC3450 This section summarises the changes that were made from the Experimental version of this specification published as RFC3450 [RFC3450]: o Update all references to the obsoleted RFC 2068 to RFC 2616 o Removed the 'Statement of Intent' from the introduction (The statement of intent was meant to clarify the "Experimental" status of RFC3450.) o Removed the 'Intellectual Property Issues' Section and replaced with a standard IPR Statement o Remove material duplicated in LCT o Update references for LCT and FEC Building Block to new versions and align with changes in the FEC Building Block. o Split normative and informative references o Material applicable in a general LCT context, not just for ALC has been moved to LCT o The first bit of the "Protocol Specific Indication" in the LCT Headert is defined as a "Source Packet Indication". This is used in the case that an FEC Scheme defines two FEC Payload ID formats, one of which is for packets containing only source symbols which can be processed by receivers that do not support FEC Decoding. o Definition and IANA registration of the EXT_FTI LCT Header Extension Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 24] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 9. References 9.1. Normative references [I-D.ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised] Luby, M., "Layered Coding Transport (LCT) Building Block", draft-ietf-rmt-bb-lct-revised-04 (work in progress), June 2006. [I-D.ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised] Watson, M., "Forward Error Correction (FEC) Building Block", draft-ietf-rmt-fec-bb-revised-04 (work in progress), September 2006. [RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, August 1980. [RFC1112] Deering, S., "Host extensions for IP multicasting", STD 5, RFC 1112, August 1989. [RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2327] Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998. [RFC2357] Mankin, A., Romanov, A., Bradner, S., and V. Paxson, "IETF Criteria for Evaluating Reliable Multicast Transport and Application Protocols", RFC 2357, June 1998. [RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999. [RFC2974] Handley, M., Perkins, C., and E. Whelan, "Session Announcement Protocol", RFC 2974, October 2000. [RFC3023] Murata, M., St. Laurent, S., and D. Kohn, "XML Media Types", RFC 3023, January 2001. 9.2. Informative references [HOL2001] Holbrook, H., "A Channel Model for Multicast", Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, Department of Computer Science, Stanford, CA , August 2001. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 25] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 [PER2001] Perrig, A., Canetti, R., Song, D., and J. Tygar, "Efficient and Secure Source Authentication for Multicast", Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2001, pp. 35-46 , February 2001. [RFC3048] Whetten, B., Vicisano, L., Kermode, R., Handley, M., Floyd, S., and M. Luby, "Reliable Multicast Transport Building Blocks for One-to-Many Bulk-Data Transfer", RFC 3048, January 2001. [RFC3269] Kermode, R. and L. Vicisano, "Author Guidelines for Reliable Multicast Transport (RMT) Building Blocks and Protocol Instantiation documents", RFC 3269, April 2002. [RFC3450] Luby, M., Gemmell, J., Vicisano, L., Rizzo, L., and J. Crowcroft, "Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) Protocol Instantiation", RFC 3450, December 2002. [RFC3453] Luby, M., Vicisano, L., Gemmell, J., Rizzo, L., Handley, M., and J. Crowcroft, "The Use of Forward Error Correction (FEC) in Reliable Multicast", RFC 3453, December 2002. Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 26] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 Authors' Addresses Michael Luby Digital Fountain 39141 Civic Center Dr. Suite 300 Fremont, CA 94538 US Email: luby@digitalfountain.com Mark Watson Digital Fountain 39141 Civic Center Dr. Suite 300 Fremont, CA 94538 US Email: mark@digitalfountain.com Lorenzo Vicisano Digital Fountain 39141 Civic Center Dr. Suite 300 Fremont, CA 94538 US Email: lorenzo@digitalfountain.com Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 27] Internet-Draft ALC Protocol Instantiation February 2007 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA). Luby, et al. Expires August 26, 2007 [Page 28]